Common Cold
Also known as Upper respiratory tract infection, Head cold
This article is general health information for the selected condition. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace clinical judgement. If you have questions or need treatment advice, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.
What is common cold?
The common cold is a mild viral infection of the nose and throat, most often caused by rhinoviruses. It develops gradually over a day or two, unlike flu which hits abruptly. Antibiotics do not help because it is viral, and the illness resolves on its own within one to two weeks.
Causes
- Rhinoviruses, the most common cause
- Coronaviruses, RSV and other respiratory viruses
- Spread by droplets and hand to face contact
- Contaminated surfaces
Symptoms
- Runny or blocked nose
- Sneezing
- Sore throat
- Cough
- Mild headache and aches
- Slightly raised temperature
- Gradual onset over a day or two
Risk factors
- Young children and contact with them
- Winter months
- Crowded indoor settings
- Weakened immune system
- Smoking
Diagnosis
- Clinical diagnosis from typical symptoms
- No testing needed in most cases
- Testing only to distinguish from flu or COVID-19 where it changes management
Treatment
- Rest and fluids
- Paracetamol or ibuprofen for aches and fever
- Decongestants for short term nasal blockage
- Honey and warm drinks for cough
- Saline nasal spray or rinses
- Antibiotics have no role
Self care
- Rest and drink plenty of fluids
- Use honey in warm water for cough, which works as well as most syrups
- Try steam inhalation for congestion
- Gargle salt water for sore throat
- Wash hands often to avoid passing it on
- Do not give honey to babies under one year
When to see a doctor
Book an appointment if:
- Symptoms lasting more than three weeks
- Symptoms improving then suddenly worsening
- High fever persisting beyond a few days
- Chest pain or wheeze
- Existing lung or heart disease with worsening symptoms
- Repeated colds with poor recovery between them
Some symptoms need emergency care rather than an appointment. See the warning signs listed above.
Prevention
- Wash hands regularly, especially before eating
- Avoid touching your face
- Ventilate indoor spaces
- Avoid close contact with people who are unwell
- Do not share cups, towels or utensils
Outlook
Colds resolve on their own within seven to ten days, though cough can linger two to three weeks. Complications are uncommon but include sinusitis, ear infection and worsening of asthma or COPD. Adults average two to three colds a year and young children considerably more, which is normal rather than a sign of poor immunity.
Common questions
Do antibiotics help a cold?
No. Colds are viral, so antibiotics have no effect and carry side effects and resistance risk. Green nasal discharge is normal in a cold and is not a reason for antibiotics.
Does vitamin C or zinc prevent colds?
Vitamin C does not prevent colds in most people and shortens them only marginally. Zinc taken within a day of symptoms may shorten duration slightly, but evidence is mixed and high doses cause nausea.
References
Important: Dard AI is not a medical device and does not diagnose, treat, or replace clinician judgement. This article is general information only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional about diagnosis and treatment, and seek emergency care for severe or rapidly worsening symptoms.